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Steel Truss Bridge Description:

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Introduction of the steel truss bridge:
 

The steel truss bridge is a type of bridge that utilizes a framework of steel trusses to support the bridge deck. Trusses are structural elements consisting of interconnected bars or beams arranged in a triangular pattern, which provides excellent strength and stiffness. Steel truss bridges are popular due to their strength, durability, and versatility.

Design Comparison
1. Geometric Configuration
Pratt Truss Bridge: The Pratt truss is characterized by vertical members and diagonal members that slope towards the center of the span. The presence of vertical members provides a more regular and rectilinear appearance. The diagonal members are typically in tension for most common loading conditions, and the vertical members are in compression.
Warren Truss Bridge: The Warren truss consists of a series of equilateral triangles. 
2. Member Complexity
Pratt Truss Bridge: Has a more complex member arrangement with both vertical and diagonal members. The connection details need to account for the different force directions of these members. There are more members in a Pratt truss compared to a basic Warren truss of the same span, which can lead to more complex fabrication and construction processes.

 
 
(1) Main girder
 

It is the main load-bearing structure and bears vertical loads.

The main truss is composed of upper chord, lower chord and belly rod. The belly bar is divided into diagonal bar and vertical bar.

Nodes are divided into large nodes and small nodes.

Pitch refers to the distance between nodes.

(2) Bracing

1. Classification: longitudinal connection and horizontal connection.
2. Function: Connect the main truss, make the bridge span structure become a stable space structure that can withstand a variety of lateral loads.
3. The longitudinal connection system is divided into upper horizontal longitudinal connection system and lower horizontal longitudinal connection system. The main function is to withstand the transverse horizontal load, transverse wind, lateral rocking force and centrifugal force acting on the bridge span structure. In addition, the transverse support chord, reducing its free length outside the plane.
4. The transverse connection is divided into bridge frame and crosslink. The main function is to increase the torsional stiffness of steel girder. Properly adjust the uneven force of the two main stringer or two longitudinal links.
 
(3) Bridge deck system
 
1. Composition: the longitudinal beam, beam and the connection between the longitudinal beam.
 
2. Way of force transmission: the load first acts on the longitudinal beam, and then from the longitudinal beam to the beam, and then from the beam to the main truss.
 
(4) Bridge deck
 
The bridge deck is the part for vehicles and pedestrians to walk on. The form of the deck is similar to that of steel beam Bridges and combined beam bridges.
 
 
Geometric characteristics of the main truss:
 
Economy, simple structure, conducive to standardization and easy to manufacture and install.
 
 
The main truss categories:
 
Triangular truss: Triangular truss structure is simple, the design is fixed, easy to install and manufacture.
 

 
Diagonal bar truss:
 
Many bar specifications.
Many specifications and large internal force of the vertical rod.
All are large nodes.
 

 
The K-shaped truss:
 
The shear force of the same node is borne by two diagonal rods, which are small and short in section.
The bar has many specifications, many nodes, short intersections, and many crossbar beams and connections. For small and medium-sized spans, the structure is complex.
For large spans, the rods are short, light and suitable for mounting and dismounting Bridges.

 
Double-vented bar truss:
 
The same internode shear force is borne by two diagonal rods, which are small and short in section.
It is used for large span, short compression inclined rod, which is favorable for buckling stability.
The small section of the inclined rod makes the number of connecting pins on the joint plate less, and it is easy to arrange the joint.

Application of the steel truss bridge:

Highway and Road Bridges: Steel truss bridges are frequently used in the construction of highway and road bridges. They are suitable for a wide range of span lengths, from short to long, making them versatile for accommodating different road widths and crossing various terrains.

Pedestrian Bridges

Common types of steel truss bridges:
1. Pratt Truss Bridge
The Pratt truss is characterized by its diagonal members that slope towards the center of the span. The vertical members are in tension, and the diagonal members are in compression. This design is efficient for medium - to - long - span bridges. It is often used for railway bridges and highway bridges, as it can effectively carry heavy loads over a considerable distance.
2. Howe Truss Bridge
In a Howe truss, the diagonal members slope in the opposite direction compared to the Pratt truss (away from the center of the span). The Howe truss uses wood or metal vertical members in compression and diagonal members (usually metal) in tension. Historically, it was a popular design for railway bridges, especially in the 19th century.

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Advantages of the steel truss bridge:

High Strength and Load - Bearing Capacity
Steel has a high tensile and compressive strength. In a steel truss bridge, the truss structure efficiently distributes the load throughout the members.

Durability
With proper maintenance, steel truss bridges can have a long service life. Steel is a durable material that can withstand various environmental conditions such as rain, wind, and temperature changes.

Design Flexibility
The truss design provides a great deal of flexibility in terms of both aesthetics and functionality. Engineers can choose from different truss configurations (e.g., Pratt, Howe, Warren, K - truss, etc.) depending on the specific requirements of the bridge, such as the span length, load - bearing capacity, and available construction materials.