1. IntroductionThe global water conservancy and water treatment industry serves as the backbone of urban development, ecological protection, and human health, responsible for water conveyance (e.g., i...

Laos, a landlocked nation nestled in Southeast Asia’s Indochinese Peninsula, is defined by its dramatic geography—towering Annamite Mountains, meandering Mekong River tributaries, and dense tropical f...

Steel bridges are critical infrastructure assets, but their performance and lifespan are heavily influenced by climatic and geographic conditions. Factors such as temperature fluctuations, humidity, s...